Mechanism

Coming soon...

Terms Review

Alpha- Carbon - A carbon adjacent to a carbonyl carbon.

 Beta - Carbon -  The carbon adjacent to the Alpha- carbon. Very useful in NMR while  applying N+1 rules.

For E2 and E1, however, Alpha carbon is the carbon that is bonded to alkyl halide. The core is to know where the Beta carbon, the one adjacent to alpha carbon. It could be one beta carbon or three. If on this beta carbon has hydrogen, E2 and E1 reaction can take place. If there is no beta hydrogen, there is no double bond on that side of carbon-carbon bond.

 Acylation – A reaction to add on an acyl group.

 Alkylation – increase Carbon chain. A reaction to add on an alkyl group

What can the question ask? Give acylation product.

 Alkoxymercuration-Reduction - Addition of Alcohol in alkene

 Oxymercuration-Reduction - Addition of water in alkene

These two terms are best used in memorizing the reaction. I found them difficult because they seem confusing.

 Condensation Reaction - a reaction which removes a small molecule such as water or alcohol to combine two molecules.

 Carbocation rearrangement - a rearrangement to obtain a more stable carbocation.

This concept of carbocation is important from why there is a carboncation to rearrangement. They are in SN1 and E1  as well as allyic structure etc.

 Intramolecular reaction - a reaction takes place within a molecule.( in low concentration condition - the head one end touches the feet of one end.)

 Intermolecular reaction - a reaction that takes place between two molecule. ( in high concentration condition.)

 Markovikov's rule - General rules: the electrophile ads to the sp2 carbon that is bonded to the greater number of hydrogen's.

 Mc Lafferty rearrangement - rearrangement in Ketons where a and B carbon breaks and a R hydrogen migrates to the oxygen.

 Electrophilic addition reaction - the addition of an electrophilie to a reagent ( Electrophilic, a receiver)

 Nucleophilic addition reaction-  the addition of a nucleophile to a reagent. ( Nucleophile , an attacker) 

 NIH shift - the 1,2-hydride shift of a carbocation.

 Resonance - a compound with delocalized electrons. Example are like Benzene where the electrons are delocalized between each p orbital. Electrons does not just "quietly" stay in one place.

 Rate determining step ( rate-limiting step) - The transition state with the highest energy. Most of time it is the slowest step in the reactions.

 Sandmeyer reaction - an aryl diazonium salt  reacts with a  cuprous salt.

 Stereochemistry - the field of which the structures of molecules in three dimension - how the molecule can be seen

   Schiff base 

Cis Isomer

identical substituents are on the same side of double bond.

Trans isomer

on the opposite side of double bond.

How about E and Z?  

E.T - > E stands for trans. ( "E.T phone home")

 Wittig reaction - an aldehyde or a ketone reaction. The formation of alkene by reacting with a phosphonium ylide with an aldehyde (or a ketone) 

Zaitsev's Rule - the major product of alkene is obtained by removing a proton on B-carbon that is bonded to the fewest hydrogens

SN2 - Substitution nucleophilic bimolecular

SN1 - Substitution nucleophilic unimolecular

E2 - Elimination bimolecular

E1 - Elimination unimolecular

None Superimposible - - take the right hand on top of the left hand and we can see they are not identical, yet, two hands are mirror image if we put a dash line between the two.

Enantiomers - the right hand is the enantiomers of the left hand. ( Right hand is non-identical twin of left hand)

Asymmetric Carbon - The carbon that bounds to four different groups is an asymmetric carbon.

To determine R and S, the atomic number needs to be used for the priority. - in 3D structure where H replace on the back.

           R - clockwise ( the rabbit has a clock)

          S- counterclockwise 

Racemic mixture - The mixture with R and S isomers. Optical Active questions.